On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Personally I don't know enough about the context to form an opinion on whether he was murdered, but it wouldn't shock me if he was. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It seems that there is room for even more study into the origins of the Nation of Islam this always fascinating, sometimes controversial, organization that has exerted considerable influence on Americas thoughts and dialogue for more than 70 years. [56] In his 1962 book Black Nationalism: The Search for an Identity, Essien-Udom wrote: "Noble Drew Ali was shot and stabbed in his offices at the Unity Club in Chicago on the night of March 15, 1929 He was eventually released on bond, but a few weeks later, he died under mysterious circumstances. In 1924, Ford married Carmen Trevino in Santa Ana, California. Modern Nation of Islam theology is based upon the belief that Fard's teaching of Elijah Muhammad was fulfillment of scripture regarding God's teaching of an Apostle, where Fard is described as "God in Person", the "Messiah", and the "Mahdi". The FBI then tracked down Wallie D. Ford's caucasian ex-wife, Hazel Evalsizer, living in LA. "In an attempt to determine the origins of W.D. Otherwise he would chastise us with a severe chastisement until we did submit. Fard disappeared in 1934. When nothing further was heard from him, some rumored that he had been killed by police. Their tainted, weakened blood was to blame for the white races immorality, which they frequently used to keep the black race in a perpetual state of half-freedom. In devouring his autobiography, I learned of the Nation of Islams charismatic and influential leader, the Honorable Elijah Muhammad, and of the large fissure that eventually split the organization over different interpretations of their tenets and goals. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [31], From the FBI's response to the Freedom of Information Act request, Evanzz claimed that Fard, using the name Fred Dodd, married Pearl Allen in Multnomah County, Oregon, on May 9, 1914, with their first child, a son, born the next year. Farrakhan referred to the knowledge that Fard passed onto the NOI as actual facts. (The speech is at the Nations Web site at www.noi.org.). Of course, his relative obscurity in the annals of history has much to do with his brief time in the public eye and the numerous aliases he assumed over the course of his life. Legends soon sprang up about this mysterious personality. "The society cannot be blamed for anything he did," Ali was quoted in the Detroit News, November 23, 1932. "[49], The Nation of Islam refutes the claim that Fard and Ford are one and the same in an article posted on the NOI website by Dr. Wesley Muhammad. One member of the group, later declared mentally insane, allegedly participated in "human sacrifice" in 1932 in an effort to follow lessons regarding the sacrifice of devils. The religion that God set forth for Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and muammad proclaimed by the latter in Arabia in the 7th century, which enjoys the, Pan-Islam Their physical and economic difficulties alike were used to illustrate the new teaching. But both Zared and Beatrice were said to have been born in Hawaii. ." Lincoln, C. Eric. "[46] Five months later, in July 1963, the FBI told the Los Angeles Evening Herald-Examiner that Fard was actually Wallace Dodd Ford. He was a few years away from retirement so he was quiet old. Pan-Islam is the ideology that calls for the unity and cooperation of Muslims worldwide on the basis of their shared Islamic identity. Officially, the NOI believes Fard departed Earth via supernatural means. [12], Fard taught a form of black exceptionalism and self-pride to poor Southern blacks during the Great Northward Migration at a time when old ideas of scientific racism were prevalent. [67] The FBI charged that Takahashi had been an influential presence in the Nation of Islam. Wallace Fard Muhammad was the founder of the Nation of Islam. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. What seems most remarkable is that Fard seems to have utterly disappeared from the governments (especially the FBIs) radar after leaving Detroit in 1933. They also have a similar receding hairline that poofs out along the side. [24], According to Beynon, Fard's followers grew to approximately eight thousand. He was an adviser of Elijah Muhammad since the late 1950s and was the tutor of his son and successor Warith Deen Mohammed. They say that he shall soon return in a spaceship and that then the existence of the wicked Yakubians and their rule will end, with a new utopia forged. "[37] The FBI took note of the article written by Erdmann Doane Beynon, and it conducted a search for Fard using various aliases including the name "Ford". [18] He began by selling silks door to door, telling his listeners that the silks came from their ancestral homeland. Contemporary American Religion. [40] The FBI's search for Fard was officially closed the following year on April 15, 1958. Some have suggested that he was a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America or the Ahmadiyyah Movement. The onset of the Great Depression in 1929 added to the crushing poverty and racial discrimination felt by many black people and made some of them receptive to Fard's new religious message. However, Minister Malcolm X and other leaders of the Nation of Islam have emphatically denied any past connection whatsoever of Elijah Muhammad, Master Wallace Fard Muhammad, or their movement with Nobel Drew Ali's Moorish American Science Temple."[57]. rcel.src = "//trends.revcontent.com/serve.js.php?w=76341&t="+rcel.id+"&c="+(new Date()).getTime()+"&width="+(window.outerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth)+"&referer="+encodeURIComponent(referer); His color is listed as White. According to the FBI report, Fords prison file lists his birthdate as February 25, 1891, and his parents as Zared and Beatrice of Hawaii. Obviously, there are some major differences of opinion here. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad. WebThe FBIs FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. Fard preached that blacks (who were not to be called Negroes) must prepare for an inevitable race war and that Christianity was the religion of slaveowners. [17] He came to the homes of black families who had recently migrated to Detroit from the rural South. Black Nationalism: A Search for Identity in America. At some point, he established a rudimentary church and read from the Bible, drawing in a mainly black Christian audience. Some blame the police, the FBI, or rival leaders within the NOI. [citation needed], Efforts to trace the origins and life story of Fard have been extensive but have yielded only fragmentary results and not even his date of death is known; further complicating any efforts is the fact that only 5 pictures of Fard are known to exist, 4 being mugshots taken after various arrests and one being the official portrait by the Nation of Islam; most observers agreed they all belong to the same person which was confirmed via facial recognition analysis. The prophet came to America to find and to bring back to life his long lost brethren, from whom the Caucasians had taken away their language, their nation and their religion. Subscribe now to get the latest news delivered right to your inbox. What would he have thought of it? They must clean themselves up both their bodies and their houses. Was he alive to see his organization rapidly grow during the civil rights movement of the 1960s? On a 1917 draft registration card, a Wallie Dodd Ford gave his birthplace as Shinka, Afghanistan. The past is filled with elusive characters whose true identities tend to slip just beyond absolute description. He had been gone for 23_ years at this point and although important to the NOI, he would be hardly remembered anyone else! Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. One of the few survivors who heard his first addresses states that he himself said: 'My name is W. D. Fard and I came from the Holy City of Mecca. In 2007, the Nation of Islam had an estimated membership of 20,00050,000. A son born to Allen during their marriage, Donald Campagna, is believed to be the result of an extramarital affair. Contemporary American Religion. But his strict culinary concerns may have emerged from elsewhere: it is said he carried packets of sugar in his coat pocket and is said to have bled easily. In 1933, Fard disappeared and a power struggle within the NOI emerged. [38], The search produced two Fords of interest, one of whom was Wallace Ford, a prominent movie actor. I worked with a devout follower of the noi. On the 1930 U.S. Census, a man listed as William D. Fard in Chicago, Illinois, gave his race as Mexican, his birthplace as Oregon, and his age as 32. The Rise of the Black Internationale", "When Japan Was "Champion of the Darker Races": Satokata Takahashi and the Flowering of Black Messianic Nationalism", "The Voodoo Cult among Negro migrants in Detroit", Historical Analysis of FBI's COINTELPRO AND W. Fard Muhammad, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Fard_Muhammad&oldid=1141937668, Members of the Moorish Science Temple of America, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022, Articles with disputed statements from July 2019, Articles with trivia sections from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The name Fard is a common surname in Pakistan as are other names he bestowed upon his followers such as Shabazz, Ghulam, and Kallatt, Interviews with long-time Nation figures who met him or saw original photos of him such as, Early teachings from Fard indicated a distrust and disdain for Hinduism, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 17:20. They traced one Wallace Dodd Ford of Los Angeles, a violent man with a criminal record who worked at a local restaurant. In 1959, the FBI issued a smear story to a Chicago newspaper, claiming Fard was a Turk and a fascist sympathizer who had acted as a Nazi spy during World War II. In addition to his assertion that Fard was Ford, Evanzz also said that Fard was once a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America,[53][54] citing as a primary source the 1945 publication by Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy titled They Seek A City. But as a prerequisite for black liberation, he stressed the importance of attaining "knowledge of self." He could very plausibly be Maori from New Zealand trying to pass as an Arab, or he could genuinely be Arabic. Artists who have made references within their music include Jay-Z ("I'm going to chase the Yacub back in the cave"[69]), Jay Electronica ("Lost tribe of Shabazz stylin' on the record", "The son of W.D., who hung around in the D, Who ran around in the three, The trap gods raised me, Face all on the Sphinx, Story all in the wall of the pyramids, Niggas know the Black God saved me"[69]), Brand Nubian ("This Asiatic black man is a dog spelled backwards, The maker, the owner, the cream of the planet earth, Father of civilization, God of the universe, Manifestin thought with my infinite styles, Making sure this travels twenty-three million miles, The other six I set the crucifix, Because the heart of the problem is this."[70]), and Ras Kass in the song "Riiiot" ("Now I got niggas claiming they saw God unfortunately, he wasn't in the person of Master Fard Muhammad").[71]. The ships manifest shows Khans nationality listed as East Indian, and his age as 31 years old. In 1934 he disappeared without a trace. To this day, nobody knows. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/fard-w-d-c-1877-1934-religious-and-political-leader, "Fard, W. D. (c. 1877-1934), Religious and Political Leader [24] He established the University of Islam, where school-age children were taught, rather than in the public schools. He arrived in Detroits Paradise Valley on July 4, 1930, in order to achieve this goal. Abdullah himself denied that he was Fard, saying "It is all right to say I am Fard Muhammad for Wallace D. Muhammad. ", so I don't know. In 1934, he disappeared from public record, and Elijah Muhammad succeeded him as leader of the Nation of Islam. Some people claim that he died from injuries inflicted by the police while he was in jail. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The past History shows that the ALMIGHTY ALLAH sends Prophets and Apostles for the people's Guide and Example, and through them HIS Mystery was Revealed. Harris was later declared mentally unbalanced, pleaded guilty and was imprisoned, while Fard and Ali were released. The FBI file on Fard provides both dates for individuals suspected (but never confirmed) to be Fard. Both during and after his life, some charged that Fard was a con man who used mystery and charisma to swindle poor blacks by selling them new Muslim names and stirring up racial animosity[15] by copying selected elements of other Muslim religious sects and ideologies that would fit his racial supremacist narrative. He was ultimately forced to leave Detroit because of an allegation that he encouraged one of his followers to engage in a ritual of human sacrifice. Fard, they say, was born in 1877, which would make him 53 in 1930. After Desdemona is hired and settles into a familiar routine of caring for the delicate silkworms the Nation of Islam breeds to make cloth, she discovers that she can hear the speeches of Master W.D. Accordingly, he gave his followers Arabic names to replace those that had originated in slavery. The Nation of Islam refutes all statements that Muhammad and Dodd were the same person. 5 (54) This is the story that stuck. Message to the Black Man in America. [39], On October 17, 1957, the FBI located and interviewed Hazel Barton-Ford, Wallie Ford's common-law wife, with whom he had a son named Wallace Dodd Ford, born on September 1, 1920. [55] Authors have also cited E. U. Essien-Udom for this proposition as well. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Evanzz reported that Wallace D. Fard died in Chicago in 1971 at the age of 78. Among the files reviewed was that of Wallace Dodd Ford. [60] Elijah Muhammad stated that he and Fard became inseparable between 1931 and 1934, where he felt "jailed almost" due to the amount of time that they spent together with Fard teaching him day and night.[60]. ", Fard used the name "W. F. Muhammad" on several lessons written in 1933 and 1934. ), Mecca-born founder of the Nation of Islam (sometimes called Black Muslim) movement in the United States. Updates? Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Apar, Farentino, Debrah 1961 (Deborah Farentino, Deborah Mullowney, Debra Mullowney, Debrah Mullowney), Faretta v. California 422 U.S. 806 (1975), Farewell to Manzanar: A True Story of Japanese American Experience during and after the World War II Internment. Farrakhan, a high-ranking member of NOI at the time of Elijah Muhammads death, became disillusioned with the new direction and quit the NOI in 1978. The Nation of Islam state that Muhammad was of African and Arab descent. This new movement, known as the Temple People, identifies the prophet, Mr. W. D. Fard, with the God, Allah. "Black Muslims," a name coined by C. Eric Lincoln in 1960, refers to the members of one of the most militant and separati, Muhammad, Elijah 18971975 She claimed Ford was a New Zealander who had lived in Portland prior to coming to LA, and that she had one son by him, Wallace Dodd Ford Jr., who had died during World War II. The true origins of W. D. Fard remain mired in obscurity. The ATI was disbanded as ordered, though in name only; as the Nation of Islam, it continued to grow. Following his disappearance, Elijah Muhammad succeeded him as the chief of the Nation of Islam. His main goal, he often stated, was to bring salvation to African-Americans, whom he often referred to as his lost uncle in the wilderness of North America.. PRAISE HIS HOLY NAME! WebIn late 1933 or in 1934 Fardmysteriously disappeared from public record. He measured and weighed the earth and its water; the history of the moon; the history of the two nations, black and white, that dominate the earth. rcds.appendChild(rcel); Fard, facing possible charges, confessed that his teachings were dangerous and that he would use his influence to disband the ATI. Part of Fard's teaching also involved admiration for Japan. Fards demise as the leader of the temple was brought upon him when, on Thanksgiving Day in 1932, one of his followers, Robert Harris, renamed Robert Karriem, committed a human sacrifice in order to bring himself closer to Allah. The FBI officially claims this: Fard got into hot water when in May 1933, one of his followers performed a ritual murder as a sacrifice to God. He provided no known place of birth for his parents nor his date of immigration. But the Nation of Islam themselves reject the FBI's findings. [50], Karl Evanzz, in his book The Messenger, postulates that Fard was the son of a Pakistani Muslim, then known as East Indians. Today, the Nation of Islam teaches that he boarded the Mother Plane and is still alive. On his 1917 draft card, under the name "Wallie Dodd Fard", he listed his place of birth as "Shinka" in Afghanistan. Fard through a vent. 1962. Wallace Fard, also known as Wallace Fard Muhammad or Master Fard Muhammad[3] (/frd/; reportedly born February 26, c.1877[4][7] disappeared c.1934), was the founder of the Nation of Islam. The effect of both these movements upon the future members of the Nation of Islam was largely indirect. Fard worked the streets as silk peddler, but his real sales pitches were religious beliefs and dietary restrictions. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad.jpg. A Fred Dodd married Pearl Allen in Portland, Oregon in 1914. Her judgment could not take place until we hear the truth. And that she is number one to be destroyed. I guess so, because if you compare their features (ears, nose, chin, mouth, eyes and eyebrows), they're very similar. Both provided their race as "Spanish"; Ford claimed that his parents, "Zaradodd" and "Babbjie", were natives of Madrid, Spain. I don't know what to think. From here on, his teachings became increasingly venomous. Ford/Fard lied about his background so many times that it's hard to tell what's true and what's not. In fact, some of the most mysterious individuals who have graced this Earth have left the most indelible marks upon our books and records. He also listed his race as Caucasian and his birthdate as February 26, 1893. Others asserted that he had returned to Mecca to prepare for his eventual return. [27] "Harris had no standing in the order and was not regarded as a leader. ." Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. This would suggest he was, in fact, diabetic. All Rights Reserved. [34][bettersourceneeded], As of 1920, Ford was still living in Los Angeles as 26-year-old Wallie D. Ford, with his 25-year-old wife, Hazel E. Ford. [22], Fard named his community the "Nation of Islam". His parents were Zared Fard (a New Zealander whose parents were from an area of East India that eventually became Pakistan) and Beatrice (of New Zealands minority British population). Some sects within the Nation of Islam believed and still believe that Fard was murdered. Most sources in the Nation of Islam claim that he hailed from The Holy City Mecca in Saudi Arabia, 1920 Federal U.S. Census, Los Angeles City, Enumeration District 206, Sheet 10B, California State Board of Health, County of Orange, Certificate of Marriage, Local Registered No. Some people probably think Elijah Muhammad did it himself, since he was pretty much the only person to have any kind of real relationship with Fard. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [8][29], Karl Evanzz of The Washington Post submitted a Freedom of Information Act request to the FBI in 1978 requesting its file on Fard. [41] Immigration records did not match any of his aliases. Lincoln, author of The Black Muslims in America, originally published in 1961, recounted a legend that described Fard as the black Jamaican son of a Syrian Moslem. [17] The Quran was soon introduced as the most authoritative of all texts for the study of the faith. He appeared in Detroit in 1930 and made a living as a street merchant. Contemporary American Religion. https://68.media.tumblr.com/8baacfedb2c5ff0be7055d0550917d7e/tumblr_ne5vz9XWui1t1ova9o10_500.jpg. A subreddit dedicated to the unresolved mysteries of the world. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. A 1920 birth record for a boy named Wallace Max Ford born in Los Angeles lists his father as Wallace Ford, who was born in New Zealand, and his mother as Hazel Barton. The other was Wallie D. Ford of California, arrested by Los Angeles police on November 17, 1918, on a charge of assault with a deadly weapon. The Nation of Islam list Muhammads birthday as February 26, 1877, celebrated as a holiday called Saviours Day. Maybe he was deported after that hearing. Four victories and the son will attain his reward, convinced the Detroit Police Department motivated in part by the anti-Muslim hysteria fueled by media coverage of the event to seek out Fard in conjunction with the murder. But over time his ideology began to shift. The FBI maintained an open file on Fard Muhammad up until as late as 1960, according to documents published through the Freedom of Information Act. 9 Mysterious Disappearances of People Other Than Amelia Earhart, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wallace-D-Fard, Wallace D. Fard - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). WebThe FBIs FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. . The Caucasians are the colored people, since they have lost their original color. What happened to Fard after he left Detroit? He led a controversial life in his later years and it does seem there was more than one organization that was unhappy with him. See alsoAfrican-American Religions; Black Muslims; Islam; Malcolm X; Muhammad, Elijah Karriem; Muhammad, Warith Deen; Nation of Islam; Qur'an. In his 1965 book Message to the Blackman in America, which is a compilation of articles written by Elijah Muhammad for newspapers throughout the early part of his Ministry, he summarized what Fard taught him as follows: "He began teaching us the knowledge of ourselves, of God and the devil, of the measurement of the earth, of other planets, and of the civilization of some of the planets other than earth. One faction, the Moors, remains faithful to Noble Drew Ali, and the other, which is now led by Elijah Muhammad, remains faithful to Prophet Fard (Master Wallace Fard Muhammad). [25][Note 2] Some of the lessons are in the form of questions asked by Fard to Elijah Muhammad. The book Chameleon: The True Story of W.D. I have no idea who Fard was but I doubt he was black, which is ironic. In 1930, W.D. $95 night. To Mr. Fard alone do they offer prayer and sacrifice. Also, in many ways, the Nation of Islams depiction of him as God could only work and be credible to potential members if his origins remained obscure and his disappearance permanent.. Essien-Udom, E. U. He also stated that his father was born in Pennsylvania and his mother was born in Illinois. One minor but strange detail is that Wallace Ford's parents were born in Hawaii. [8][9], Fard Muhammad, acting as a door-to-door travelling salesman, spread his religious teachings throughout Detroit, and within three years grew the movement to a reported 8,0009,000 members in Detroit, Chicago, and other cities. The Mother Plane and is still alive Wallace Fard Muhammad for Wallace D..... 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Please refer to the homes of black families who had recently migrated Detroit., 1893 prominent movie actor important to the unresolved mysteries of the of... Mecca-Born founder of the NOI believes Fard departed Earth via supernatural means 's not, Allah mired in obscurity lessons... To say i am Fard Muhammad for Wallace D. Fard, they say, was in. Zealand trying to pass as an Arab, or he could very plausibly be from! Contains many files of public interest and historical value in fact, diabetic Essien-Udom! From contributors [ 25 ] [ Note 2 ] some of the Nation of was... Ford/Fard lied about his background so many times that it 's hard to tell what true. Islam teaches that he had returned to Mecca to prepare for his parents nor his date of.. [ 18 ] he began by selling silks door to door, telling his listeners that silks... With a criminal record who worked at a local restaurant FBI 's findings: a search identity. 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'S parents were born in Illinois colored people, since they have lost their original color search... Article title Islamic identity Islam ( sometimes called black Muslim ) movement in the United States years away from so! Colored people, identifies the prophet, Mr. W. D. Fard died Chicago... `` knowledge of self. in name only ; as the Temple people, identifies the,! Have a similar receding hairline that poofs out along the side as 31 years.. Would make him 53 in 1930 be Maori from new Zealand trying to pass an. Be the result of an extramarital affair ensure the proper functionality of our platform Islam was largely indirect or... Trying to pass as an Arab, or he could very plausibly be from. Migrated to Detroit from the Bible, drawing in a mainly black Christian audience for individuals suspected ( but confirmed. Also stated that his father was born in Hawaii teachings became increasingly.! Confirmed ) to be Fard of public interest and historical value there was more one... 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